Apresentação do Dr. Antony Mueller. Professor de economia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, sobre "A Análise do Ciclo de Crédito baseada em Capital (Capita...
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Twenty20 | |
Andy Smarick | AEIdeas
The way the issue is reported, it's easy to conclude that employment is largely a mechanical exercise: When jobs are available, more people work; when jobs are cut, more people are unemployed. After taking an economics class, we might have a slightly more sophisticated understanding — that individuals also make calculations about work based on how they prioritize income vis-a-vis leisure. But recent events and research should force us to see the workforce entirely differently.
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Twenty20 | |
Mark J. Perry | AEIdeas
When the US federal income tax was first introduced in 1913, it was a lot simpler to file taxes. Individual federal income rates started at 1 percent in 1913, and the maximum marginal rate was only 7 percent on incomes above $500,000 (more than $12 million in today's dollars). In reality, very few Americans had to pay federal income tax since the average income in 1913 was only about $750. Nevertheless, the country still had schools, roads, colleges, a vast railroad system, and a military.
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We contribute to the debate on the macroeconomic effects of fiscal stimuli by showing that the impact of government expenditure shocks depends crucially on key country characteristics, such as the level of development, exchange rate regime, openness to trade, and public indebtedness. Based on a novel quarterly dataset of government expenditure in 44 countries, we find that (i) the output effect of an increase in government consumption is larger in industrial than in developing countries, (ii) the fiscal multiplier is relatively large in economies operating under predetermined exchange rates but is zero in economies operating under flexible exchange rates; (iii) fiscal multipliers in open economies are smaller than in closed economies; (iv) fiscal multipliers in high-debt countries are negative.